Review: evidence is incomplete on the benefits and risks of commonly used herbal medicines.

Data extraction Data were extracted on the common and manufacturer names and uses of each herbal medicinal product, type and quality of the systematic reviews, sample sizes, and results. Main results 2 reviews (of adequate and good quality) of ginkgo showed positive effects on memory impairment, although these results are questionable because of the possibility of publication bias. 2 reviews (of adequate to good quality) of ginkgo showed beneficial effects in dementia. 1 adequate quality review of ginkgo for tinnitus also had questionable results because of the lack of rigorous trials. 1 good quality review of ginkgo for intermittent claudication showed that ginkgo led to moderate and probably clinically relevant increases in pain free walking distances. Ginkgo’s adverse effects were usually mild, transient, and reversible. Several good quality reviews showed that St John’s wort was more effective than placebo for mild to moderate depression. 1 meta-analysis of 14 RCTs showed that St John’s wort was more effective than placebo (relative benefit 1.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.8) and similar to tricyclic antidepressants (relative benefit 1.2, CI 1.0 to 1.4) for depressive disorders. However, St John’s wort may interact with several prescription drugs (eg, anticoagulants, oral contraceptives, and antiviral agents), which may have clinically serious consequences. 1 adequate quality review showed that ginseng was not beneficial as a sedative, hypnotic, demulcent, aphrodisiac, antidepressant, or diuretic agent. 1 good quality review showed that echinacea may be effective in preventing and treating upper respiratory tract infections, but trial data are not rigorous or conclusive. 1 good quality review showed that saw palmetto might reduce symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (eg, nocturia and peak urinary flow) in the short term. Adverse effects of saw palmetto were rare and mild. 1 adequate quality review showed that kava might have short term effectiveness in treating anxiety; serious adverse effects of kava were rare.